NECO Biology Obj
1-10: EDBABEBAEA
11-20: EACDABAAED
21-30: ACBDBDEACE
31-40: DACBEABBAD
41-50: BADDDDBCAD
51-60: BDAEBCBACA
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NECO Biology Essay/Theory

(1ai)
Habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.

(1aii)
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity).

(1aiii)
population is all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.

(1bi)
(i)Choose and locate the sample plot;
(ii)Then identify the species in the plot
(iii)Measure the area with a measuring tape to know the area of the habitat ;
(iv)Throw or toss the quadrat randomly at interval for up to 10 or above times ;
(v)After each throw or toss , the number of species within the area of quadrat is recorded ;
(vi)The density of species is calculated by dividing the average number of times the species occur within the quadrat by the area of the quadrat.

(1bii)
(i)Anemometer
(ii)Barometer
(iii)Thermometer
(iv)Hygrometer
(v)Wind vane
(vi)Turbidimeter

(1biii)
(i)very high annual rainfall
(ii)high average temperatures
(iii)nutrient-poor soil
(iv)high levels of biodiversity
(v)high animal and vegetal biodiversity
(vi)evergreen trees dark and sparse undergrowth interspersed
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(3a)
(i) Bones are rigid, non-flexible, and tough, whereas cartilage is flexible and are soft-elastic.
(ii) Bones grow in both directions (bidirectional) while cartilage grows in the single direction (unidirectional).
(iii) Bones cells are also known as Osteocytes while cartilage cells are also known as Chondrocytes.
(iv) Bones are active participants of blood supply; Cartilage are not the participants in blood supply, except in perichondrium.
(3aii)
(i) Hydrostatic skeleton
(ii) Exoskeleton
(iii) Endoskeleton.
(3bi)
(3bii)
– Parenchyma
– Collenchyma
– Sclerenchyma
– Xylem
– Phloem
No3)
<<<TABULATE>>>
Difference between bone and cartilage
Pick any four
*UNDER BONE*
-They are rigid, non-flexible, and tough.
-Bones grow in both directions (bidirectional)
-Haversian system and Volkmann’s canals are present.
-Bone marrow is present (it is a kind of haematopoietic tissue from which all blood cells are made).
-Lacunae possess canaliculi where each lacuna consist of only one cell (osteocyte).
*UNDER CARTILAGE*
-They are flexible and are soft-elastic.
-Cartilage grows in single direction (unidirectional)
-Haversian system and Volkmann’s canals are absent.
-Bone marrow is absent.
-Lacunae do not possess canaliculi, and each lacuna has two-three chondrocytes.
4aii
The four main types of heterotrophic nutrition are:
Holozoic nutrition: the word holozoic is made from two words- holo= whole and zoikos= animals and literally means animals which eat their food whole. Complex food is taken into a specialist digestive system and broken down into small pieces to be absorbed. This consists of 5 stages, ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. E.g.: human
Saprobiontic/saprophytic nutrition: Organisms feed on dead organic remains of other organisms.
Parasitic nutrition: Organisms obtain food from other living organisms (the host), with the host receiving no benefit from the parasite.When a parasite is present inside the body of the host, it is known as an endoparasite. These parasites suck and feed on the blood of the host. E.g.: tapeworms
Symbiotic nutrition:Two organisms live in close association to benefit each other or one of the two benefits the other while it itself suffers neither loss but nor does it gain. E.g.: fungi and algae, rhizobium in the roots of leguminous plants, etc.
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(4ai)
Tabulate

-Enzyme-
(i)Ptyalin
(ii)Pepsin
(iii)Lactose

-Source-
(i)Saliva
(ii)Gastric acid
(iii)Intestinal juice

-Site of action-
(i)Mouth
(ii)Stomach
(iii)Small intestine

-Substrate-
(i)Starch
(ii)Protein
(iii)Lactose

(4aii)
(i)Saprophyte
(ii)parasite
(iii)holozoic

(4aiii)
(i)Mosquito
(ii)ticks
(iii)leeches

4aii

The four main types of heterotrophic nutrition are:

Holozoic nutrition: the word holozoic is made from two words- holo= whole and zoikos= animals and literally means animals which eat their food whole. Complex food is taken into a specialist digestive system and broken down into small pieces to be absorbed. This consists of 5 stages, ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. E.g.: human
Saprobiontic/saprophytic nutrition: Organisms feed on dead organic remains of other organisms.
Parasitic nutrition: Organisms obtain food from other living organisms (the host), with the host receiving no benefit from the parasite.When a parasite is present inside the body of the host, it is known as an endoparasite. These parasites suck and feed on the blood of the host. E.g.: tapeworms
Symbiotic nutrition:Two organisms live in close association to benefit each other or one of the two benefits the other while it itself suffers neither loss but nor does it gain. E.g.: fungi and algae, rhizobium in the roots of leguminous plants, etc.
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5ai)
Commensalism, in biology, a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter.
ii)
Remora fish
iii)
GRAY WATER
RAINWATER COLLECTION
Condensate Water
5b PICK ANY THREE
(ii)
– filtering, settling, dissolving, absorption,
-. The forest cover should be protected by restricting deforestation and through adoption of afforestation programmes.
-The main source of air pollution is the automobiles; therefore, their engines should be redesigned in such a way that their emissions cause minimum pollution. Several steps have been taken and some technology has also been developed, but still it is in a very preliminary stage.
-use of filters and after burner,
-Engine should be well tuned, and
-Mixing of anti-tibs in diesel and petrol,
.
Difference between bone and cartilage
Pick any four
UNDER BONE
-They are rigid, non-flexible, and tough.
-Bones grow in both directions (bidirectional)
-Haversian system and Volkmann’s canals are present.
-Bone marrow is present (it is a kind of haematopoietic tissue from which all blood cells are made).
-Lacunae possess canaliculi where each lacuna consist of only one cell (osteocyte).
Under cartilage
-They are flexible and are soft-elastic.
-Cartilage grows in single direction (unidirectional)
-Haversian system and Volkmann’s canals are absent.
-Bone marrow is absent.
-Lacunae do not possess canaliculi, and each lacuna has two-three chondrocytes.

5b(iii)
i-sulphur dioxide
EFFECT:Environmental effects. When sulfur dioxide combines with water and air, it forms sulfuric acid, which is the main component of acid rain. Acid rain can: cause deforestation.

source:Sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a gas primarily emitted from fossil fuel combustion at power plants and other industrial facilities, as well as fuel combustion in mobile sources such as locomotives, ships, and other equipment.

(Ii) nitrogen oxide
EFFECT:Nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, and ozone can all readily enter the lungs, where they create serious damage to the delicate lung tissue. … Moreenvironmental problems are caused byNOx pollution. In the presence of rain,nitrogen oxides form nitric acid, contributing to the acid rain problem.

Source:Nitrogen dioxide is an important airpollutant because it contributes to the formation of photochemical smog, which can have significant impacts on human health. The major source of nitrogen dioxide in Australia is the burning of fossil fuels: coal, oil and gas.

(iiil pesticide
Effects:Pesticides benefit the crops; however, they also impose a serious negative impact on the environment. Excessive use of pesticides may lead to the destruction of biodiversity. Many birds, aquatic organisms and animals are under the threat of harmful pesticides for their survival.
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